Lead Exceeds EPA Limit at Kaukauna Area School District (WI)
11 ZIP codes · 23 water systems · 342,681 people served · Updated 2026-06-26
Data: EPA SDWIS, NCES Last verified: 2026-06-26
Why School Water Quality Matters
Children drink 2–4× more water per pound of body weight than adults, making them more vulnerable to contaminants. School water quality affects students for hours every weekday.
Water Quality Overview
The Kaukauna Area School District in Wisconsin spans 11 ZIP codes served by 23 community water systems, providing water to approximately 342,681 people.
The average Home Safety Score across the district is B (72/100) — with the lowest-scoring area at 49/100 .
Water quality in this district ranks better than 60% of ZIP codes nationally.
Why This Matters for Children
Children are more vulnerable to water contaminants than adults. The EPA and CDC identify these key risks:
- Lead exposure — Even low levels of lead can affect brain development, reduce IQ, and cause behavioral problems in children. There is no safe level of lead for children.
- PFAS ("forever chemicals") — Linked to immune system effects and developmental delays in children. Children drink more water relative to body weight than adults.
- Nitrate — Dangerous for infants (can cause "blue baby syndrome"). Agricultural areas often have elevated nitrate.
- Disinfection byproducts — Long-term exposure may increase cancer risk. School water fountains often have stagnant water that concentrates these compounds.
Lead Levels in the District
| Metric | Value | EPA Threshold |
|---|---|---|
| Average lead level (90th percentile) | 0.0071 mg/L | 0.015 mg/L |
| Highest lead level | 0.017 mg/L | 0.015 mg/L EXCEEDS |
| ZIP codes exceeding EPA action level | 1 of 11 | — |
PFAS Contamination
Detected compounds: PFBA.
Highest measured level: 0.0059 µg/L.
PFAS can accumulate in the body over time. Children's higher water intake relative to body weight makes them particularly susceptible. Reverse osmosis filters (NSF/ANSI 58) are the most effective at removing PFAS.
Learn more about PFAS in drinking water →
EPA Violation History
Contaminants of Concern
| Contaminant | Category | Violations | Health-Based | ZIPs Affected |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Surface Water Treatment Rule | Treatment Technique | 9 | No | 5 |
| Lead and Copper Rule | Treatment Technique | 7 | No | 6 |
| Stage 2 DBP Rule | Treatment Technique | 3 | Yes | 3 |
| Total Trihalomethanes (TTHM) | Disinfection Byproducts | 1 | No | 1 |
| Stage 1 DBP Rule | Treatment Technique | 1 | No | 1 |
Radon Risk
Dominant radon zone: Zone 2 (Moderate risk)
Water Quality by ZIP Code
| ZIP Code | City | Safety Score | Violations | Health | Lead Level | Exceeds? |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 54113 | Combined Locks | B (82) | 4 | 1 | 0.0013 mg/L | No |
| 54169 | Sherwood | B (82) | 3 | 1 | 0.0011 mg/L | No |
| 54911 | Appleton | C (67) | 3 | 0 | 0.011 mg/L | No |
| 54913 | Appleton | C (67) | 3 | 0 | 0.011 mg/L | No |
| 54915 | Appleton | C (67) | 3 | 0 | 0.011 mg/L | No |
| 54140 | Little Chute | D (49) | 2 | 1 | 0.017 mg/L | Yes |
| 54952 | Menasha | C (62) | 2 | 0 | 0.011 mg/L | No |
| 54130 | Kaukauna | B (83) | 1 | 0 | 0.0024 mg/L | No |
| 54110 | Brillion | B (70) | 0 | 0 | 0.0081 mg/L | No |
| 54126 | Greenleaf | B (83) | 0 | 0 | 0.0024 mg/L | No |
| 54129 | Hilbert | B (83) | 0 | 0 | 0.0019 mg/L | No |
What Parents Can Do
- Request lead testing at your child's school — The EPA's 3Ts program (Training, Testing, Taking Action) provides guidance for schools. Ask your school board about their water testing schedule.
- Review the Consumer Confidence Report (CCR) — Your water utility publishes this annually. It details all detected contaminants.
- Consider a water filter for your home — NSF/ANSI 53 or NSF/ANSI 58 (reverse osmosis) filters are certified to remove lead. This is especially important for infant formula preparation.
- Address PFAS — If PFAS are detected in your area, a reverse osmosis or activated carbon block filter rated NSF/ANSI 53 or 58 can reduce levels significantly.
- Pack water from home — If you're concerned about school water quality, send your child with a water bottle filled at home (filtered if possible).
- Stay informed — Bookmark this page to check for updates on water quality in your school district.
Need help with school water quality?
Typical cost: Water test: typically $20–$50 (DIY kit) · Professional inspection: $150–$400
Find the Right Water FilterFree tip: Let cold water run for 2 minutes before drinking — this helps flush lead from your pipes.
Frequently Asked Questions
Is the water safe in Kaukauna Area School District schools?
Water systems serving Kaukauna Area School District have recorded 3 health-based violations in the past 5 years, and 1 area exceeds the EPA lead action level. While utilities are required to meet federal standards, individual school buildings may have older plumbing that can introduce contaminants. Parents should request lead testing results from their school.
Does Kaukauna Area School District test for lead in school water?
Federal law does not require schools to test for lead in drinking water (except in some states with specific mandates). The EPA's voluntary 3Ts program encourages testing. Contact your school district office to ask about their testing schedule and results.
What level of lead is safe for children?
There is no safe level of lead for children, according to the CDC. The EPA action level of 0.015 mg/L (15 ppb) triggers corrective action for water systems, but the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that school water contain no more than 0.001 mg/L (1 ppb).
Are there PFAS in Kaukauna Area School District water?
Yes, PFAS have been detected in 2 of 11 ZIP codes served by this district. PFAS are "forever chemicals" that do not break down and can accumulate in the body. The EPA has set maximum contaminant levels for certain PFAS compounds. Reverse osmosis filters are the most effective at removing PFAS from drinking water.
Data Sources
- Water quality: EPA Safe Drinking Water Information System (SDWIS)
- Lead/copper: EPA Lead and Copper Rule sampling data
- School districts: NCES EDGE Geographic Relationship Files
- PFAS: EPA ECHO
- Radon: EPA Map of Radon Zones
Updated daily.